Apache Lucene API

Apache Lucene is a high-performance, full-featured text search engine library. Here's a simple example how to use Lucene for indexing and searching (using JUnit to check if the results are what we expect):

`Analyzer analyzer = new StandardAnalyzer();
// Store the index in memory:
Directory directory = new RAMDirectory();
// To store an index on disk, use this instead (note that the
// parameter true will overwrite the index in that directory
// if one exists):
//Directory directory = FSDirectory.getDirectory("/tmp/testindex", true);
IndexWriter iwriter = new IndexWriter(directory, analyzer, true);
iwriter.setMaxFieldLength(25000);
Document doc = new Document();
String text = "This is the text to be indexed.";
doc.add(new Field("fieldname", text, Field.Store.YES,
Field.Index.TOKENIZED));
iwriter.addDocument(doc);
iwriter.close();
// Now search the index:
IndexSearcher isearcher = new IndexSearcher(directory);
// Parse a simple query that searches for "text":
Query query = QueryParser.parse("text", "fieldname", analyzer);
Hits hits = isearcher.search(query);
assertEquals(1, hits.length());
// Iterate through the results:
for (int i = 0; i < hits.length(); i++) {
Document hitDoc = hits.doc(i);
assertEquals("This is the text to be indexed.", hitDoc.get("fieldname"));
}
isearcher.close();
directory.close();`

The Lucene API is divided into several packages:

- org.apache.lucene.analysis defines an abstract Analyzer API for converting text from a java.io.Reader into a TokenStream, an enumeration of Token's. A TokenStream is composed by applying TokenFilter's to the output of a Tokenizer. A few simple implemenations are provided, including StopAnalyzer and the grammar-based StandardAnalyzer.
- org.apache.lucene.document provides a simple Document class. A document is simply a set of named Field's, whose values may be strings or instances of java.io.Reader.
- org.apache.lucene.index provides two primary classes: IndexWriter, which creates and adds documents to indices; and IndexReader, which accesses the data in the index.
- org.apache.lucene.search provides data structures to represent queries (TermQuery for individual words, PhraseQuery for phrases, and BooleanQuery for boolean combinations of queries) and the abstract Searcher which turns queries into Hits. IndexSearcher implements search over a single IndexReader.
- org.apache.lucene.queryParser uses JavaCC to implement a QueryParser.
- org.apache.lucene.store defines an abstract class for storing persistent data, the Directory, a collection of named files written by an IndexOutput and read by an IndexInput. Two implementations are provided, FSDirectory, which uses a file system directory to store files, and RAMDirectory which implements files as memory-resident data structures.
- org.apache.lucene.util contains a few handy data structures, e.g., BitVector and PriorityQueue.

To use Lucene, an application should:

1. Create Document's by adding Field's;
2. Create an IndexWriter and add documents to it with addDocument();
3. Call QueryParser.parse() to build a query from a string; and
4. Create an IndexSearcher and pass the query to its search() method.

Some simple examples of code which does this are:

- FileDocument.java contains code to create a Document for a file.
- IndexFiles.java creates an index for all the files contained in a directory.
- DeleteFiles.java deletes some of these files from the index.
- SearchFiles.java prompts for queries and searches an index.

To demonstrate these, try something like:

> `> java -cp lucene.jar:lucene-demo.jar org.apache.lucene.demo.IndexFiles rec.food.recipes/soups`
> `adding rec.food.recipes/soups/abalone-chowder`
> `` [ ... ]

> `> java -cp lucene.jar:lucene-demo.jar org.apache.lucene.demo.SearchFiles`
> `Query: chowder`
> `Searching for: chowder`
> `34 total matching documents`
> `1. rec.food.recipes/soups/spam-chowder`
> `` [ ... thirty-four documents contain the word "chowder" ... ]

> `Query: "clam chowder" AND Manhattan`
> `Searching for: +"clam chowder" +manhattan`
> `2 total matching documents`
> `1. rec.food.recipes/soups/clam-chowder`
> `` [ ... two documents contain the phrase "clam chowder" and the word "manhattan" ... ]
> [ Note: "+" and "-" are canonical, but "AND", "OR" and "NOT" may be used. ]

The IndexHtml demo is more sophisticated. It incrementally maintains an index of HTML files, adding new files as they appear, deleting old files as they disappear and re-indexing files as they change.

> `> java -cp lucene.jar:lucene-demo.jar org.apache.lucene.demo.IndexHTML -create java/jdk1.1.6/docs/relnotes`
> `adding java/jdk1.1.6/docs/relnotes/SMICopyright.html`
> `` [ ... create an index containing all the relnotes ]

> `> rm java/jdk1.1.6/docs/relnotes/smicopyright.html`

> `> java -cp lucene.jar:lucene-demo.jar org.apache.lucene.demo.IndexHTML java/jdk1.1.6/docs/relnotes`
> `deleting java/jdk1.1.6/docs/relnotes/SMICopyright.html`